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Multiplicity (philosophy)
Multiplicity is an assertion that there is more than one geo-historical trajectory. It is a philosophical concept that Edmund Husserl and Henri Bergson developed by analogy with Riemann's description of the mathematical concept.〔"It was Riemann in the field of physics and mathematics who dreamed about the notion of 'multiplicity' and other different kinds of multiplicities. The philosophical importance of this notion then appeared in Husserl's ''Formal and Transcendental Logic'', as well as in Bergson's ''Essay on the Immediate Given of Awareness''" (Deleuze 1986, 13).〕 It forms an important part of the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, particularly in his collaboration with Félix Guattari, ''Capitalism and Schizophrenia'' (1972–80). In his ''Foucault'' (1986), Deleuze describes Michel Foucault's ''The Archaeology of Knowledge'' (1969) as "the most decisive step yet taken in the theory-practice of multiplicities."〔Deleuze (1986, 14).〕
==Deleuze's philosophy==
The notion of multiplicity forms a central part of Bergson's critique of philosophical negativity and the dialectical method, Deleuze argues in his commentary, ''Bergsonism'' (1966). The theory of multiplicities, he explains, must be distinguished from traditional philosophical problems of "the One and the Multiple."〔"Multiplicity remains completely indifferent to the traditional problems of the multiple and the one, and above all to the problem of a subject who would think through this multiplicity, give it conditions, account for its origins, and so on. There is neither one nor multiple, which would at all events entail having recourse to a consciousness that would be regulated by the one and developed by the other" (Deleuze 1986, 14).〕 By opposing "the One and the Multiple," dialectical philosophy claims "to reconstruct the real," but this claim is false, Bergson argues, since it "involves abstract concepts that are much too general."〔See Deleuze (1966, 38-47); The dialectical method "compensates for the inadequacy of a concept that is too broad or too general by invoking the opposite concept, which is no less broad and general (. . ). The concrete will never be attained by combining the inadequacy of one concept with the inadequacy of its opposite. The singular will never be attained by correcting a generality with another generality" (Deleuze 1966, 44).〕
Instead of referring to "the Multiple in general", Bergson's theory of multiplicities distinguishes between two types of multiplicity: continuous multiplicities and discrete multiplicities (a distinction that he developed from Riemann).〔Deleuze (1966, 39).〕 The features of this distinction may be tabulated as follows:
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